Tracking and management important plant-parasitic nematodes to increase yield in vineyards

Grapes are considered one of the most important horticultural crops in the world and Iran in terms of area under cultivation, economic and nutritional value. In the past ten years, grapes have ranked third among the five horticultural crops, but despite the increase in the area under cultivation (250-288 hectares), the percentage of production in the percentage of the country's total agricultural production (16.03-11.9%) has been decreasing. On the other hand, during this period, grape decline in the country's vineyards has become a major problem. Various biotic and abiotic agents, individually or in interaction, play an effective role in the decline phenomenon. The delicate role of important plant-parasitic nematodes in reducing vineyard yield as the most important soil-borne damaging living factor, when their population density is higher than the economic damage threshold, has been proven in the world. The annual damage of plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards is about 12.5%. These worm-shaped microorganisms, , can directly and indirectly cause damage and stunting, yellowing, leaf shrinkage, wilting, reduction of the root system, and ultimately cause or exacerbate deterioration and reduced yield of grapevines, especially under stressful environmental conditions, and in the long term, have significant effects on reducing the profitability of vineyards. This research includes three sections: 1-Introduction of the most important plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards and their role in reducing yield, 2-Practical methods Description for examining the level of contamination and estimating their population, 3-Presentation of practical management methods to reduce the population density of damaging nematodes to below the economic damage threshold and prevent their spread. Among the most important extension recommendations for managing common parasitic nematodes in vineyards are annual monitoring of vineyards for the status of plant-parasitic nematode contamination, cultural control, adequate irrigation (dry autumn and winter), proper nutrition, and soil amendment (organic and biological fertilizers).